Green infrastructure refers to a network of natural and semi-natural features, such as parks, gardens, and urban forests, that provide ecosystem services and enhance the quality of urban life. By incorporating green infrastructure into urban planning, cities can improve air and water quality, reduce the urban heat island effect, support biodiversity, and promote physical and mental well-being among residents.

Eco-friendly development practices involve designing and constructing buildings, roads, and infrastructure in a sustainable manner that minimizes negative impacts on the environment. This includes using renewable materials, optimizing energy and water use, implementing green building standards, and reducing waste and pollution throughout the construction process.

Efficient public transportation systems play a key role in sustainable urbanization by reducing reliance on private vehicles, decreasing traffic congestion, and cutting greenhouse gas emissions. Cities can promote public transportation by expanding transit networks, improving service frequency and reliability, enhancing accessibility for pedestrians and cyclists, and integrating different modes of transport to create seamless connections.

Green spaces, such as parks, gardens, and green roofs, are essential elements of sustainable urban design. These areas provide recreational opportunities, support biodiversity, mitigate urban heat islands, and improve overall urban aesthetics. By preserving and expanding green spaces within cities, urban planners can create more liveable and resilient environments for residents.

Energy efficiency is crucial for reducing the environmental footprint of urban areas and enhancing their long-term sustainability. Cities can improve energy efficiency through measures such as retrofitting buildings with energy-saving technologies, promoting renewable energy sources, optimizing urban design for passive heating and cooling, and encouraging sustainable practices in the use of energy and resources.

[1] United Nations. (2016). New Urban Agenda. https://unhabitat. org/new-urban-agenda